urbin4hd generate-models --geometry buildings.geojson --templates prototype_models.json --output models/
| Problem | Likely Cause | Solution |
|---------|--------------|----------|
| Simulation crashes during shading calculation | Too many buildings (n>2000) | Reduce to representative clusters (e.g., archetype-based) |
| Unrealistically low cooling loads | Overestimated shading | Check sun angles and surrounding building heights |
| Out of memory | Storing full hourly results for all zones | Use --output-format parquet and filter to thermal zones |
| Microclimate temperature jumps >5°C | Missing anthropogenic heat | Add --waste-heat-factor 0.15 (15% of elec load) |
High-density modeling requires more detailed inputs than low-rise areas. URBiN4HD
High-density models often show bias due to microclimate and shading errors.
Recommended calibration steps:
SALib).Typical accuracy target after calibration:
NMBE ≤ ±5%, CV(RMSE) ≤ 30% (hourly district aggregate).
URBiN4HD produces:
District-level summaries:
Visualization-ready files:
Example output snippet (district): | Time (hour) | Cooling (MW) | Heating (MW) | Total Elec (MW) | |-------------|--------------|--------------|-----------------| | 0 | 12.3 | 45.6 | 88.2 | | 1 | 11.9 | 46.1 | 87.6 |