Reshma And Salman Sex Video In 3gp Small Size 💯

Reshma was not an actress by trade; she was a phenomenon. Discovered singing at a railway station, her voice carried the raw, earthy sorrow of the Punjabi hinterlands. Salman Ahmad, conversely, was a product of theLollywood studio system—an actor who excelled in playing the rugged, morally complex hero.

When these two forces collided on screen, it created a specific template: the "Jugni" effect. Reshma’s voice would provide the emotional narrative, while Salman’s visual performance provided the dramatic weight. Unlike traditional playback singers who were invisible, Reshma often appeared in films as herself, her presence serving as a narrative bridge or a spiritual commentator on the hero's struggles.

The partnership between Salman Khan and his former manager, Reshma Shetty

, was one of the most influential "behind-the-scenes" collaborations in Bollywood history. While Reshma Shetty did not appear on screen with Salman, her strategic management through her agency, Matrix, redefined his career trajectory and public image for nearly a decade. 🎬 The Architect of "Brand Salman"

From 2009 to 2017, Reshma Shetty was credited with transforming Salman Khan from a "bad boy" often caught in controversy into a bankable "mass entertainer" and humanitarian figure.

Strategic Film Choices: Reshma was instrumental in selecting high-impact scripts that solidified Salman's box-office dominance. Key films during her tenure included: Wanted (2009): The film that launched his "mass hero" era. Dabangg (2010): Established the iconic Chulbul Pandey persona. Ek Tha Tiger (2012) & Tiger Zinda Hai (2017): Launched his massive spy franchise. Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) & Sultan

(2016): Films that balanced commercial success with critical acclaim.

Being Human Foundation: She helped leverage his "Being Human" brand to soften his public image, making him one of the most endorsed stars in India.

Bigg Boss Deal: Reshma was reportedly key in negotiating Salman’s lucrative and long-standing association as the host of Bigg Boss starting in 2010. 🎥 Popular Videos and Media Presence

While Reshma worked off-camera, her influence appeared in how Salman was presented in promotional content and interviews:

Showbiz India TV: Salman has participated in extensive interviews with journalists like Reshma Dordi, discussing his international tours and production values.

Public Narrative: During the "Matrix era," Reshma maintained strict control over Salman's media interactions, ensuring a protected and consistent public narrative. 💔 The 2017 Split

The professional bond ended in April 2017. Reports suggested the split was due to Reshma’s strict management style, which allegedly began to interfere with Salman’s family time and their involvement in his professional projects. Following the split, Salman began managing his career through his own production house, Salman Khan Films (SKF). 🔍 Other Notable "Reshmas" in Salman's Circle

Report: Reshma and Salman in Filmography and Popular Videos

Introduction

Reshma and Salman Khan are two prominent figures in the Indian film industry. Reshma is a renowned Indian playback singer, while Salman Khan is a well-known actor, producer, and television personality. This report aims to provide an overview of their filmography and popular videos.

Reshma's Filmography and Popular Videos

Reshma has sung numerous hit songs for various Bollywood films. Some of her notable works include:

Salman Khan's Filmography and Popular Videos

Salman Khan has appeared in numerous films throughout his career. Some of his notable works include:

Collaborations and Notable Works

Reshma and Salman Khan have not collaborated on any projects together. However, Reshma has sung songs for several films that Salman Khan has acted in, such as: Reshma And Salman Sex Video In 3gp Small Size

Conclusion

In conclusion, Reshma and Salman Khan are two prominent figures in the Indian film industry. While they have not collaborated on any projects together, they have both contributed significantly to the industry through their work. This report provides an overview of their filmography and popular videos, highlighting their achievements and impact on Indian cinema.

The two names converge most dramatically in the world of popular YouTube and social media videos. This happens in two major ways:

A. The “Dama Dam Mast Qalandar” Bridge Reshma’s most famous qawwali/folk song has been covered and referenced in Salman Khan’s films. While Reshma’s original version (often uploaded to YouTube with millions of views) is a cultural treasure, Salman has lip-synced or danced to variations of this very tune in live concerts and award shows. In popular video compilations, you’ll often see:

B. The “Salman Reshma” Meme & Misnomer A curious phenomenon on YouTube and TikTok is the search for “Salman Reshma video.” Often, this refers to viral parody videos or meme edits where a deepfake or comedic dubbing places Salman Khan’s dialogue or expressions over a traditional folk performance. Alternatively, it sometimes mislabels a video of a different folk dancer/singer named Reshma performing at a Salman Khan family event (like a wedding or party in the 1990s, footage of which occasionally resurfaces).

Although the female lead in Maine Pyar Kiya is Suman (played by Bhagyashree), the spiritual predecessor of the "Reshma-Salman" dynamic appears in the film’s extended universe. Salman Khan plays Prem. In several deleted scenes and popular video montages, fan editors have framed Salman’s protective heroism as the archetype for future "Reshma" stories.

No definitive, standalone film titled Reshma and Salman exists as a single entity in mainstream Bollywood. Yet, in filmography and popular videos, they are everywhere. They live in the comments sections of YouTube, where fans write, "Reshma kab aayegi?" (When will Reshma come?). They live in the slow-motion edits of Salman walking towards a woman labeled "Reshma" in pink typography.

As long as Bollywood produces heroes named Salman and fans continue to edit heroines into "Reshma," this keyword will never fade. For researchers of digital culture, the phenomenon of Reshma and Salman is a perfect case study of how audiences rewrite film history one popular video at a time.

Next time you scroll through Instagram or YouTube Shorts, count how many "Reshma" tags appear under Salman Khan’s face. You’ll be surprised.

Call to Action: Have you come across a viral Reshma-Salman video that we missed? Share the link in the comments below, and we’ll add it to our official filmography archive.

Reshma Shetty and Salman Khan share a professional history that redefined the actor's career through a nine-year partnership from 2008 to 2017. During this era, Shetty served as Salman’s manager and is widely credited as the "architect" of his modern superstardom, pivoting him from weak projects like Shaadi Kar Ke Phas Gaya toward high-octane blockbusters. The "Reshma Era" Filmography

While Reshma Shetty was not a cast member, her influence as a manager through her agency, Matrix, shaped Salman Khan’s most successful decade of filmography. She pushed him to focus on action-oriented roles and major festival releases, leading to a string of hits:

Wanted (2009): Cited as the turning point that revitalized his career.

Dabangg (2010): Solidified his "Dabangg Khan" image and box office dominance.

Bodyguard (2011) & Kick (2014): Mass entertainers that achieved massive commercial success.

Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) & Sultan (2016): Critical and commercial peaks produced during their peak collaboration. Popular Videos and Public Narrative

Beyond the big screen, Reshma Shetty’s strategy extended to managing Salman’s public image and digital presence, which can be seen in various popular video categories:

Reshma and Salman Khan: A Legendary Cinematic Collaboration Reshma and Salman Khan share a legendary bond in Bollywood history [4, 5]. Reshma was a legendary folk singer from Pakistan [1, 2]. Salman Khan is one of India's biggest superstars [4]. Their collaboration created some of the most memorable musical moments in Indian cinema [4, 5]. The Breakthrough: Hero (1983)

The story begins with the 1983 blockbuster film Hero [5]. Director Subhash Ghai brought Reshma to mainstream Indian cinema [5]. "Lambi Judai" The Song: "Lambi Judai" became an overnight sensation [5].

The Impact: It remains the ultimate anthem for heartbreak and separation [4, 5].

The Connection: While this film starred Jackie Shroff, it established Reshma's voice in Bollywood [5]. It set the stage for her future work with the Khan family [4, 5]. Reshma was not an actress by trade; she was a phenomenon

The Definitive Collaboration: Hero No.1 to Bollywood Royalty

Reshma's haunting, raw vocals perfectly complemented the intense, emotional scenes in Salman Khan's early career movies [4, 5]. Heer Ranjha (1992)

The Film: A classic romantic saga starring Salman Khan and Karisma Kapoor [4, 5].

The Song: Reshma lent her powerful voice to the soundtrack [4, 5].

The Vibe: Her folk-rich tone brought authentic Punjabi folklore vibes to the film [4, 5]. Popular Videos and Evergreen Tracks

Beyond the silver screen, their collaboration dominates digital platforms today [4, 5]. Millions of fans still stream their iconic tracks. Iconic Musical Videos

"Lambi Judai" Live Renditions: Videos of Reshma performing this live are internet staples [4, 5].

Folk Medleys: YouTube archives feature Reshma singing Punjabi folk classics. Editors frequently mash these up with Salman Khan's classic movie scenes [4, 5].

"Dachi Waleya": Another massive hit that showcases her vocal prowess [5]. The Legacy of Their Artistic Bond

Reshma passed away in 2013, but her voice lives on [1, 2]. Salman Khan has often expressed deep respect for her legendary talent [4]. Why Their Collaboration Worked

Raw Emotion: Reshma's untrained, earthy voice felt incredibly real [2, 5].

Star Power: Salman's massive screen presence amplified the reach of her music [4].

Cultural Bridge: Their work bridged the musical gap between India and Pakistan [4, 5].

The relationship between Salman Khan and his former manager Reshma Shetty

is a pivotal chapter in Bollywood history, representing the transformation of a volatile star into a disciplined global brand. While Reshma does not appear as an actress in Salman's filmography, she acted as the "architect" of his most successful era, bridging the gap between his personal unpredictability and professional dominance. The Architecture of a Megastar (2009–2017)

Reshma Shetty, through her agency Matrix, took over Salman’s career at a time when he was known more for legal controversies than box-office consistency. Her impact was felt through a meticulously planned shift in both image and project selection:

Strategic Reinvention: Reshma was instrumental in moving Salman toward high-octane "mass" entertainment. This shift led to a string of blockbusters including Wanted (2009), Dabangg (2010), Bodyguard (2011), Ek Tha Tiger (2012), Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), and Sultan

The "Being Human" Phenomenon: She was the primary force behind corporatizing the Being Human Foundation. By aggressively promoting Salman's humanitarian efforts, she successfully softened his public image, transitioning him from a "bad boy" to a beloved community figure.

Gatekeeping and Discipline: Reshma reportedly professionalized Salman’s workspace by limiting access to "freeloaders" and moochers, ensuring he only signed projects with reputable production houses. Popular Media and Public Image

While Reshma stayed behind the scenes, her influence was visible in how Salman interacted with popular media:

Television Mastery: She helped negotiate and manage his successful hosting stints on shows like Bigg Boss and Dus Ka Dum, which allowed him to connect directly with the Indian masses. Salman Khan's Filmography and Popular Videos Salman Khan

Brand Endorsements: Under her management, Salman secured major global and local brand deals, turning "Brand Salman" into a multi-crore ecosystem. The 2017 Split and its Aftermath

The partnership ended in 2017, reportedly due to a tiff between Reshma and Salman’s brother, Sohail Khan. Sources suggest Reshma’s strict professional boundaries began to alienate Salman's family, leading to her dismissal.

Following the split, industry critics noted a change in Salman’s career trajectory. While he remains a massive star, his subsequent films like Race 3 and Radhe were criticized for a lack of the strategic clarity and high-quality script selection that defined the "Reshma era".

Reshma and Salman: A Glimpse into Their Filmography and Popular Videos

Reshma, a talented Indian playback singer, and Salman Khan, a renowned Bollywood actor, have both made significant contributions to the Indian entertainment industry. While they may not have directly collaborated on a project, their individual works have garnered immense popularity. Here's an informative piece on their filmography and popular videos:

Reshma's Filmography and Popular Videos

Reshma, known for her soulful voice, has sung numerous hit songs for various Bollywood films. Some of her notable works include:

Reshma's songs have been featured in various films, and she continues to be a celebrated playback singer in the Indian music industry.

Salman Khan's Filmography and Popular Videos

Salman Khan, a prominent Bollywood actor, has been active in the industry for over three decades. Some of his notable works include:

Salman Khan has also been a part of several popular music videos, including:

Collaborations and Performances

Although Reshma and Salman Khan may not have collaborated directly, they have both been part of various events and performances. For instance:

Conclusion

Reshma and Salman Khan are two talented individuals who have made significant contributions to the Indian entertainment industry. Their filmography and popular videos continue to be celebrated by fans worldwide. While they may not have directly collaborated, their individual works have left a lasting impact on the industry.

There is a minor Indian actress named Reshma (full name: Reshma Khan or Reshma K. – not Salman’s relative). She appeared in small roles in:

| Film | Year | Co-Star Salman? | |------|------|----------------| | Wanted | 2009 | No (minor role, not with Salman) | | Veer | 2010 | No | | Bodyguard | 2011 | No (background dancer) |

No direct filmography with Salman Khan exists.

When discussing the most iconic pairings in the history of South Asian cinema and digital media, certain names evoke instant nostalgia, chemistry, and box office magic. While the Bollywood superstar Salman Khan has shared screen space with dozens of heroines, one name that frequently surfaces in searches, fan edits, and retrospective analyses is Reshma.

Depending on the context, "Reshma" often refers to the late, legendary folk singer Reshma (known for Lambi Judai), but in the realm of filmography and popular videos, it specifically points to Reshma Khan (also known as Reshma Singh or Reshma Sharma), the actress who appeared in key projects with Salman Khan during the 1990s and early 2000s. This article dives deep into their collaborative works, their impact on pop culture, and the viral resurgence of their videos on platforms like YouTube and Instagram.

At first glance, the names “Reshma” and “Salman” might seem to belong to completely different universes of entertainment. However, a closer look at filmography and popular online videos reveals fascinating intersections of legacy, music, and fan culture.

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Definitioner

ESA (European Space Agency)

Europäische Weltraumagentur; beteiligt an Projekten wie dem Weltraumteleskop Hubble oder dem Gravitationswellendetektor LISA.

wavelength

For simple waves, where maxima and minima – wave crests and troughs – follow each other with perfect regularity, one can define a characteristic wavelength: the never-changing distance between two subsequent wave crests.

time

It is a fact of life that not all events in our universe happen concurrently - instead, there is a certain order. Defining a time coordinate or defining time, the way physicists do it, is to define a prescription to associate with each event a number so as to reflect that order - if event B happens after event A, then the number associated with B should be larger than that associated with A. The first step of this definition is to construct a clock: Choose a simple process that repeats regularly. (What is "regular"? Luckily, in our universe, all elementary processes such as a swinging pendulum, the oscillations of atoms or of electronic circuits lead to the same concept of regularity.) As a second step, install a counter: A mechanism that, with every repetition of the chosen process, raises the count by one. With this definition, one can at least assign a time (the numerical value of the counter) to events happening at location of the clock. For events at different locations, an additional definition is necessary: One needs to define simultaneity. After all, the statement that some far-away event A happens at 12 o'clock is the same as saying that event A and "our clock counter shows 12:00:00" are simultaneous. The how and why of defining simultaneity - a centre-piece of Einstein's special theory of relativity - are described in the spotlight topic Defining "now". With all these preparations, physicists can, in principle, assign a time coordinate value ("a time") to any possible events, and describes how fast or how slow processes happen, compared to that time coordinate.

temperature

In systems consisting of many particles, be they solid bodies, fluids or gases, the constitutents are in constant, chaotic motion: the atoms in a solid crystal oscillate a bit, the molecules of a gas are in rapid, disordered motion, and so on. The average energy with which each constitutent contributes to every part of the disorderly motion is the same, and it is called the temperature of the system. High average energy corresponds to high temperature - atoms vibrating wildly, gas molecules zipping around very fast -, low average energy to low temperature. In a slightly different context, certain mixtures of electromagnetic radiation can be assigned a temperature ("radiation temperature"), a single parameter that completely defines the basic properties of the radiation (more precisely, its spectrum). It corresponds to the thermal radiation emitted by a hot body with precisely that temperature. In physics, temperature is measured in Kelvin, in everyday life, depending on the country, in Fahrenheit or Celsius.

surface

Geometric space with two dimensions. Examples include the plane or the surface of a sphere.

surface gravity

The acceleration due to gravity which is experienced by an object resting on the surface of some solid body is called the body's surface gravity (as most of the solid bodies in question are shaped by gravity, the value for the surface gravity tends to be the same everywhere on the body's surface). For the Earth, the surface gravity is 9.81 metres per square second, the so-called standard acceleration.

sun

The central (and most massive) body of our solar system; the star closest to us; a ball of gas with a radius of ca. 700000 km (for comparison the radius of the earth: 12756 km) and a mass of 1.989·10³⁰ kilograms [see exponential notation]. In the interior of the sun, nuclear fusion processes run their course; they are responsible for the sun's impressive brightness.

star

A cosmic gas ball that is massive enough for pressure and temperatur in its core to reach values where self-sustained nuclear fusion reactions set in. The energy set free in these reactions makes stars into very bright sources of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Once the nuclear fuel is exhausted, the star becomes a white dwarf, a neutron star or a black hole.

stars (star)

A cosmic gas ball that is massive enough for pressure and temperatur in its core to reach values where self-sustained nuclear fusion reactions set in. The energy set free in these reactions makes stars into very bright sources of light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Once the nuclear fuel is exhausted, the star becomes a white dwarf, a neutron star or a black hole.

speed

An object's average speed is the distance it moves during a given period of time, divided by the length of the time interval. If you make the time interval infinitely small, the result is the object's speed at one particular moment in time. The notion of speed can be applied to waves in different ways; for instance, for a simple wave, the phase speed is the speed at which any given wave crest or wave propagates through space. See also the more general entry velocity.

spectrum

The electromagnetic radiation reaching us from an astronomical object or other source is a mix of electromagnetic waves with a great variety of frequencies. The spectrum lists the composition of this mix: For every frequency, it states the amount of radiation energy contributed by waves of that particular frequency.

spectra (spectrum)

The electromagnetic radiation reaching us from an astronomical object or other source is a mix of electromagnetic waves with a great variety of frequencies. The spectrum lists the composition of this mix: For every frequency, it states the amount of radiation energy contributed by waves of that particular frequency.

space

In a strict sense: Space as we know it from everyday life: the totality of all locations in which objects can sit, with three dimensions. In a more general sense used by mathematicians, all kinds of sets of points are spaces - a line for instance, which has but a single dimension, or a two-dimensional surface, but also higher-dimensional spaces. Also, in such more general spaces, geometry can be different from the standard Euclidean geometry taught in high schools - such spaces can be curved.

solar mass

The sun has a mass of 1.989·10³⁰ kilograms [see exponential notation] what is equal to 332 946 earth masses. In astronomy, the solar mass is frequently used as a unit of mass ("Neutron stars typically have a mass of 1.4 solar masses"), sometimes written as M_⊙.

second

In the International System of units: the basic unit of time. Defined as a certain multiple of the oscillation period of electromagnetic radiation set free in a certain transition within the electron shell of atoms of the type Cesium-133.

relativistic

Models, effects or phenomena in which special relativity or general relativity play a crucial role are called relativistic. Examples are relativistic quantum field theories as theories based on special relativity, or the relativistic perihelion shift as a consequence of general relativity. In addition, conditions under which the difference between relativistic physics and ordinary, classical physics are especially pronounced, are also called relativistic. For instance, when material objects reach speeds close to speed of light, one talks of relativistic speeds, while speeds that are so small compared to light as to make relativistic effects undetectably small are non-relativistic.

redshift

The frequency of a simple light wave is directly related to its colour (cf. spectrum). For the lowest frequencies of visible light, that colour is red, light of the highest frequencies appears blue. If the frequency of a light wave is shifted towards lower frequencies (for instance by the doppler shift), that corresponds to a colour shift towards the red end of the spectrum, and is hence called a redshift. Consequently, a shift towars higher frequences is called blueshift. From this, “redshift” has come to acquire a more general meaning. It is used to denote any shift towards lower frequencies, even for types of electromagnetic radiation where the frequencies do not correspond to any visible colour, and more generally still, for other types of waves as well (for instance for gravitational waves). In the context of general relativity, the gravitational and the cosmological redshift are of particular interest.

radiation

In a general sense: Collective name for all phenomena in which energy is transported through space in the form of waves or particles. In a more restricted sense, the word is often used synonymously with electromagnetic radiation.

point

Elementary "building block" of geometrical entities such as surfaces or more general spaces. For instance, a surface is the set of all its points, of all possible locations on the surface, and all geometrical objects in that surface are defined by the points that belong to them - for instance, a line on the surface is the set of (infinitely many) points.

plane

A surface within which the axioms of Euclidean geometry (synonym: plane geometry) hold - the rules of geometry as they are taught in high school, with well-known formulae such as Pythagoras's theorem and "the perimeter of a circle is 2 times pi times its radius" hold.

relativistic (perihelion advance, relativistic)

For planetary orbits, there is a small difference between the predictions of Newtonian gravity and general relativity. For instance, in Newton's theory, the orbital curve of a lonely planet orbiting a star is an ellipse. In general relativity, it is a kind of rose or rhodonea curve. Such a curve is similar to an ellipse curve, which shifts a bit with each additional orbit. The shift can be defined by looking at the point which is closest to the sun (perihelion) on each orbit. The additional relativistic shift is, hence, called relativistic perihelion shift or relativistic perihelion advance. A picture can be seen on the page A planet goes astray in the chapter General relativity of Elementary Einstein.

oxygen

Chemical element whose atoms have eight protons each in their nuclei. In the context of relativity, more concretely: cosmology, oxygen is interesting as an indicator of chemical evolution: Oxygen nuclei are not produced during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, but they are produced by nuclear fusion reactions in the interior of stars. The presence of oxygen in an astronomical object is an indicator that stellar fusion has taken place, and that the abundances of the different elements thus do not reflect the element abundances in the early universe.

observer

In the context of relativity, "observer" can mean two different things. Often, observer is synonymous with reference frame or (spacetime-)coordinate system: An observer in this sense is someone who assigns coordinates to everything that happens around him. In particular, all events are assigned space coordinate values and a time coordinate value. In the context of special relativity, it is often the case that when one talks about an observer, what is really meant is an inertial observer, corresponding to a special type of reference frame. On other occasions, the term is used in a more narrow sense - in those cases, an observer is someone sitting at a certain point in space and using the light signals reaching that location to construct an image of his surroundings. In the context of optical effects in relativity, for instance gravitational lensing, observer is usually meant in this way.

Newtonian gravity

In pre-Einstein mechanics, which goes back to the English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton (1643-1727), gravity is a force with which masses act on each other. As other forces do, they cause bodies to accelerate. In its simplest form, Newton's law of gravity describes the force acting between two spherical, symmetric masses: The force with which the first sphere acts on the second is equal to the mass of the first sphere times the mass of the second sphere times Newton's gravitational constant, divided by the square of the distance between the centre-points of the two spheres. How to remove from this law more complicated gravitational effects, see the article The gravitation of gravitation. The differences between Newton's gravitation and Einstein's theory of gravitation, the theory of General Relativity, can be described systematically in the frame of the so called post-Newtonian approximation.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA))

Part of the US government in charge not only of manned space missions, but also responsible for numerous highly successful satellite and probe missions. NASA is a partner in projects such as the Hubble space telescope or the gravitational wave detector LISA. NASA website

matter

In general relativity: All contents of spacetime that contribute to its curvature: particles, dust, gases, fluids, electromagnetic and other fields. In particle physics: All elementary particles with half-integer spin, such as electrons and quarks, as well as their composites such as protons and neutrons, in contrast with force particles.

mass

In classical physics, mass plays a triple role. First of all, it is a measure for how easy it is to influence the motion of a body. Imagine that you're drifting in emtpy space. Drifting by are an elephant and a mouse, and you give each of them a push of equal strength. The fact that the mouse abruptly changes its path, while the elephant's course is as good as unaltered, is a sure sign that the mass (or, in the language of physics, the inertia or inertial mass) of the elephant is much greater than that of the mouse. Secondly, mass is a measure of how many atoms there are in a body, and of what type they are. All atoms of one and the same type have the same mass, and adding up all those tiny component masses, the total mass of the body results. Thirdly, in Newton's theory of gravity, mass determines how strongly a body attracts other bodies via the gravitational force, and how strongly these bodies attract it (in this sense, mass is the charge associated with the gravitational force). In special relativity, one can also define a mass that is a measure for a bodies resistance to changing its motion. However, the value of this relativistic mass depends on the relative motion of the body and the observer. The relativistic mass is the "m" in Einstein's famous E=mc² (cf. equivalence of mass and energy). The relativistic mass has a minimum for an observer that is at rest relative to the body in question. This value is the so-called rest mass of the body, and when particle physicists talk of mass, this is usually what they mean. Just as in classical physics, the rest mass is a kind of measure for how much matter the body is made up of - with one caveat: For composite bodies, the energies associated with the forces holding the body together contribute to the total mass, as well (another consequence of the equivalence of mass and energy). In general relativity, mass still plays a role as a source of gravity; however, it has been joined by physical quantities such as energy, momentum and pressure.

line

Geometric object with a single dimension. A line can either be an independent one-dimensional space (in the abstract mathematical space where a space does not need to have three dimensions), or it can be embedded into a more general space, like a line drawn onto a piece of paper (i.e. a surface).

light

Light in the strict sense of the word is electromagnetic radiation the human eye can detect, with wave-lengths between 400 and 700 nano metres. In relativity theory and in astronomy, the word is often used in a more general sense, encompassing all kinds of electromagnetic radiation. For instance, astronomers might talk about "infrared light" or "gamma light"; in this context, light in the stricter sense is referred to as "visible light". Within classical physics, the properties of light are governed by Maxwell's equations; in quantum physics, it turns out that light is a stream of energy packets called light quanta or photons. In the context of relativistic physics, light is of great interest, and for a number of reasons. First of all, the speed of light plays a central role in both special and general relativity. Also, there are a number of interesting effects in general relativity which are associated with the propagation of light, namely deflection, the Shapiro effect and the gravitational redshift.

interaction

Interactions are all the different ways in which elementary or compound particles can influence each other. In elementary particle physics, "interaction" and "force" are used synonymously.

In the standard model of elementary particles, there are three fundamental interactions: electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. For another interaction, gravity, there is no quantum description yet.

hydrogen

The lightest (and, in our universe, the most abundant) chemical element. The atomic nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom is a single proton. If the atomic nucleus contains an additional neutron, the atom is called heavy hydrogen or deuterium.

helium

After hydrogen, the second lightest chemical element. Its atomic nucleus consists of two protons and, ordinarily, two neutrons ("helium-4"); such helium nuclei are also called alpha particles. Another variety of helium, helium-3, has only one neutron in its nucleus. In the context of general relativity, both helium-3 and helium-4 are is of interest as two species of light atomic nuclei that formed in the early universe during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.

gravity

See gravitation

gravitational redshift

According to general relativity, light flying away from a massive body (or other source of gravity) experience a redshift - its frequency decreases and the light becomes less energetic. On the other hand, light flying towards a massive body gets blueshifted - its frequency and energy increase.

gravity (gravitation)

In classical physics: An action-at-a-distance force by which all bodies that possess mass attract each other (see Newtonian theory of gravity), synonym: gravitational force. In Einstein's general theory of relativity: The fact that matter that possesses mass, energy, pressure or similar properties distorts spacetime, and that this distortion in turn influences whatever matter might be present. An introduction to the basic ideas of general relativity is provided by the section General relativity of Elementary Einstein. More information about the nature of gravity in general relativity can be found in the spotlight text Gravity: From weightlessness to curvature.

general relativity (general theory of relativity)

Albert Einstein's theory of gravity; a generalization of his special theory of relativity. For information about the concepts and applications of this theory, we recommend the chapter general relativity of our introductory section Elementary Einstein. Further information about many different aspects of general relativity and its applications can be found in our section Spotlights on relativity.

gas

In a strict sense: A state of matter in which the atoms and/or molecules wildly careen and collide, without being bound to each other. This movement leads to an inner pressure, while the average kinetic energy of the moving particles is a measure for the temperature of the gas. Compare the other states of matter: solid state, liquid, plasma. In a broader sense, gas is also used to denote other mixtures of freely careening particles, for instance in the case of the electron gas whose pressure stabilizes a white dwarf against further collapse.

gamma rays

The most highly energetic variety of electromagnetic radiation , with over a quintillion oscillations per second, corresponding to wave-lengths of less than a hundredth billionth of a metre.

frequency

Measure for the rapidity of an oscillation, defined as the inverse of the period of oscillation: A process that, in oscillating, repeats itself after 0.1 seconds has the frequency 1/(0.1 seconds)= 10 Hz. (The unit Hertz, abbreviated as Hz, is defined as 1 Hz = 1/second.)

For a simple wave, the frequency is given by the number of maxima going by a stationary observer in a second. Ten maxima going by per second correspond to a frequency of 10 Hz.

field

A field describes how a physical quantity is distributed in space and time. For instance, the area where electric forces act on a test particle is subject to an electric field. Or the gravitational forces which act on the mass of a test body define a gravitational field. In general a field contains energy, occupies space and can change over time.

ESA (European Space Agency)

The European Space Agency coordinates the space-faring activities of the European countries. It is a partner in projects such as the Hubble space telescope and the gravitational wave detector LISA. ESA website

equivalence principle

One of the postulates at the basis of general relativity: A freely-falling observer in a gravitational field does not feel gravity. More precisely: In a small region of space around an observer in free fall in a gravitational field, the laws of physics are approximately the same as without gravitation (i.e. in special relativity) - at least for a time-limited observation period. This is sometimes called Einstein's equivalence principle, which includes a more restricted version called the weak equivalence principle, namely that, in a gravitational field, objects which are at the same location are subject to the same gravitationalacceleration - they fall at the same rate ("universality of free fall"). More information about the equivalence principle can be found in the spotlight topic The elevator, the rocket, and gravity: the equivalence principle, while the path from there to Einstein's geometric gravity is traced in Gravity: From weightlessness to curvature.

electromagnetic radiation

Electromagnetic influences (in the language of physics: electric and magnetic field) which, even with no electric charges present, are locked in a state of mutual excitation so that they form a wave that propagates through space. As this wave transports energy, it is, by the usual physics definition, a form of radiation, called electromagnetic radiation. Depending on frequency, there are special names for different types of electromagnetic radiation; going from lower to higher frequencies: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. In the context of quantum theory, it turns out that electromagnetic radiation consists of tiny energy packets, called light particles or photons.

Earth

Our very own planet in the solar system - the third planet from the sun. The earth has a mass of about 6 trillion trillion (in exponential notation, 6·10²⁴) kilograms.

Doppler effect

Effect named after the Austrian scientist Christian Doppler concerning the emission of waves by moving sources. Consider a wave-source (for instance, a device that sends out sound-waves or light-waves). Also consider two observers A and B, with observer A moving relative to the source, while observer B is at rest relative to it. When a source that moves relative to an observer emits a wave, the frequency measured by this observer is different from what a measuring instrument would record that is at rest relative to the source: If source and observer approach each other, the observer measures a higher frequency, if they move away from each other, a lower frequency. In everyday life, the Doppler effect is readily apparent when we listen to sound waves from moving sources. If a police car or fire truck with blaring horns first races towards us, then passes us and races away, the characteristic horn sounds change dramatically in pitch, the moment the car passes us. This is because, at first, the car is moving towards us, and there is a Doppler shift towards higher pitch compared with a listener in the car. From the moment the car passes us, it becomes a source that moves away from us, with all sounds being shifted to lower pitch. In the context of relativity, the most important Doppler effect is that for light waves. In this context, a shift towards higher frequencies is called blueshift, one to lower frequencies redshift.

Doppler shift (Doppler effect)

Effect named after the Austrian scientist Christian Doppler concerning the emission of waves by moving sources. Consider a wave-source (for instance, a device that sends out sound-waves or light-waves). Also consider two observers A and B, with observer A moving relative to the source, while observer B is at rest relative to it. When a source that moves relative to an observer emits a wave, the frequency measured by this observer is different from what a measuring instrument would record that is at rest relative to the source: If source and observer approach each other, the observer measures a higher frequency, if they move away from each other, a lower frequency. In everyday life, the Doppler effect is readily apparent when we listen to sound waves from moving sources. If a police car or fire truck with blaring horns first races towards us, then passes us and races away, the characteristic horn sounds change dramatically in pitch, the moment the car passes us. This is because, at first, the car is moving towards us, and there is a Doppler shift towards higher pitch compared with a listener in the car. From the moment the car passes us, it becomes a source that moves away from us, with all sounds being shifted to lower pitch. In the context of relativity, the most important Doppler effect is that for light waves. In this context, a shift towards higher frequencies is called blueshift, one to lower frequencies redshift.

classical

In physics, the word is used with two meanings. First of all, it denotes physical models or theories that take into account neither the effects of Einstein's theories of relativity nor those of quantum physics, for example classical mechanics. However, it is also used to denote models or theories that are not formulated in the framework of quantum physics; in that sense, general relativity is an example for a classical theory.

binary (binary star)

A system consisting of two stars in orbit around each other. From a relativistic point of view, there are binaries that are of special interest, namely those in which at least one of the partners is a neutron star or a black hole. Potentially, such systems are effective sources of gravitational waves.

acceleration

Every change of velocity with time is an acceleration.

This definition is slightly different from our everyday usage of the word. Ordinarily, we talk of an object accelerating when it becomes faster and faster. The physics definition covers two more situations. An object that decelerates, becomes slower, thus changes its velocity and, in the physics sense, undergoes a (negative) acceleration. Also, in physics, velocity is not the same as speed. A constant velocity implies not only constant speed, but also a constant direction of movement. Once the direction changes, so does the velocity - the change in velocity is associated with the change in the direction of movement. Thus, in the physics sense, even a car going around a curve of the road at constant speed undergoes acceleration.