Licence Key For Minitube 20 New ❲SIMPLE 2024❳
The primary function of the Minitube license key is simple: it activates the full, registered version of the software. While Minitube often offers a free trial or a "lite" version, the experience is intentionally limited to encourage users to support the developer.
Entering a valid license key transforms the software from a basic viewer into a premium media hub. For users looking to curate a clean viewing environment—perhaps for children or for focused productivity—the key is the essential step in removing the remaining restrictions and enabling the "TV mode" that makes the software famous.
Users searching for the "new" license key are often looking for compatibility with the latest operating system updates. The modern license keys are designed to be future-proof, often delivered via email in a format that allows for easy recovery and re-installation on new machines.
As the digital landscape becomes noisier, tools like Minitube offer a sanctuary. The license key is the ticket into that sanctuary—a small investment for a cleaner, faster, and more private way to consume video content.
Note: License keys should always be purchased directly from the official Minitube website or authorized resellers to ensure software authenticity and to support the developer.
Feature: Unlock Premium Features with MiniTube 2.0 License Key
Overview
We're excited to introduce the MiniTube 2.0 License Key, a premium feature that unlocks a world of enhanced functionality and exclusive benefits for our valued users. This license key is designed to provide users with a seamless and ad-free experience, while also offering advanced features that take their MiniTube experience to the next level.
Key Features
Benefits
License Key Details
Pricing
How to Activate
Support
For any issues or concerns with your MiniTube 2.0 License Key, please contact our support team at support@minitube.com.
By introducing the MiniTube 2.0 License Key, we're committed to providing our users with an enhanced and personalized experience, while also supporting the development of new and innovative features.
The quest for a "Minitube 2.0 license key" is a journey through the history of the early internet, the evolution of software ethics, and the constant battle between developers and "crackers." The Golden Era of Desktop Clients
In the early 2010s, YouTube’s web interface was heavy, cluttered with ads, and relied on Adobe Flash. Developers like Flavio Tordini created Minitube. It offered a clean, TV-like experience that allowed users to watch videos without a browser.
When version 2.0 launched, it was a major milestone. It introduced High Definition (HD) support and a "stop after this video" feature. Because it was "shareware," it required a license key to unlock the full version after a trial period. The Underground Race
As soon as Minitube 2.0 gained popularity, a digital shadow industry went to work.
Keygens: Coders reversed-engineered the software’s registration algorithm to create "Key Generators."
Serials: Websites like SerialStation or Crack finders became flooded with strings of alphanumeric code.
The Risk: Most users seeking these "new" keys for version 2.0 today often find themselves in a trap. Since 2.0 is over a decade old, modern sites claiming to host these keys are frequently fronts for malware or adware. The Reality of Modern Compatibility
If you are looking for a key today to run version 2.0, you will likely hit a wall—not because of the license, but because of the YouTube API. Google frequently changes how its data is accessed. Old versions of Minitube (like 2.0) use deprecated code.
Without an update, the software will show "API Error" even with a valid key. The Ethical Shift
The story of Minitube eventually shifted toward Open Source. While the official app is still sold to support the developer, many users moved toward free, open-source alternatives that don't require keys at all, such as: FreeTube: A private desktop player. NewPipe: For mobile users. VLC Media Player: Which can stream YouTube URLs directly.
💡 A Note on Safety:Searching for "cracked" or "free" license keys for legacy software is a high-risk activity for your computer's health.
If you'd like to get a media player up and running, I can help you: Find the official download for the latest Minitube version. Set up a free, open-source alternative like FreeTube. Troubleshoot API errors on your current video software.
Searching for a licence key for Minitube 20 can be confusing because there are two entirely different products with the name "Minitube." Depending on whether you are looking for software to watch videos or specialized laboratory systems, the "20" might refer to a version number or a specific hardware model. 1. Minitube Desktop App (YouTube Client)
The most common search for this keyword relates to Minitube, a lightweight YouTube desktop application for Linux, macOS, and Windows.
Licensing Model: Minitube is a paid application (historically priced around $12) but offers a 20-day free trial.
Version History: As of early 2026, official records show versions such as 3.9.3 on GitHub and earlier versions like 2.9 and 2.7. A "Version 20" for this software does not exist in its standard versioning history.
Buying a Key: The only safe and legitimate way to get a licence key is through the official Flavio Tordini website.
Security Warning: Websites claiming to offer "New 2026" licence keys for "Minitube 20" are often malicious or fraudulent. Using "cracked" keys can expose your computer to malware or result in the software being blocked. 2. Minitube International (Assisted Reproduction)
Minitube is also the name of a world-leading company in assisted animal reproduction and reproductive medicine.
Informative Review: License Key for MiniTube 20 - Is it Worth It?
As a user looking for a reliable video streaming solution, you may have come across MiniTube, a popular YouTube client that offers a seamless viewing experience. If you're considering upgrading to MiniTube 20, a license key might be required to unlock its full potential. In this review, we'll explore the benefits and drawbacks of purchasing a license key for MiniTube 20 and help you make an informed decision.
What is MiniTube 20?
MiniTube 20 is the latest version of the MiniTube YouTube client, designed to provide users with an enhanced video streaming experience. With a sleek interface and advanced features, MiniTube 20 allows users to browse, search, and play YouTube videos with ease.
Benefits of a License Key for MiniTube 20
A license key for MiniTube 20 offers several benefits, including:
Drawbacks of a License Key for MiniTube 20
While a license key for MiniTube 20 offers several benefits, there are some potential drawbacks to consider:
Is it Worth It?
Ultimately, whether a license key for MiniTube 20 is worth it depends on your usage and needs. If you're a heavy YouTube user who values an ad-free experience, advanced features, and priority support, a license key might be a worthwhile investment. However, if you're a casual user who doesn't mind ads and limited features, you might want to explore free alternatives.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a license key for MiniTube 20 offers several benefits, including unlocking full features, ad-free viewing, and priority support. While there are some potential drawbacks to consider, users who value a premium YouTube experience might find a license key to be a worthwhile investment. Before making a decision, weigh the pros and cons and consider your specific needs and usage. licence key for minitube 20 new
Minitube is a lightweight YouTube desktop client that provides a TV-like experience without the need for a web browser or Flash Player. While users often search for a "licence key for Minitube 2.0 new," it is important to note that Minitube 2.0 was released in early 2013 and has since been superseded by many newer versions.
As of August 19, 2024, the software transitioned to a subscription-based model starting with version 4.0. Understanding Minitube's Licensing System
Minitube has evolved significantly in its licensing approach over the years:
The Old Model (Versions 2.x - 3.x): For many years, Minitube used a one-time purchase "license per platform" model. Users would receive a download link or code to enter into the software's license details box.
The New Model (Version 4.0+): With the release of the first Qt6-based version, the developer, Flavio Tordini, introduced a unified subscription model. Cost: Approximately €9.99 per year.
Cross-Platform: A single subscription code is now valid for all supported platforms (Mac, Windows, and Linux), replacing the previous system of buying separate licenses for each.
Grace Period: Users who purchased a license less than a year prior to the version 4.0 update generally did not need to take immediate action. How to Get a Legitimate License Key
To ensure you have a "new" and working license key for the latest version of Minitube, follow these steps:
Official Website: Only obtain the software and license from the Official Minitube Website.
Payment Platforms: Subscriptions can be managed directly through PayPal or the Mac App Store.
Automatic Updates: On Windows and macOS, the app typically autoupdates, meaning your license details should carry over as long as your subscription is active. Why Avoid "Free" License Keys Online?
Searching for free license keys or "cracks" for version 2.0 or newer poses several risks:
Security Hazards: Sites claiming to offer "new" keys for free often host malware, adware, or "install managers" that can compromise your device.
Broken Functionality: Minitube relies on the YouTube API and Javascript libraries to function. Because YouTube frequently changes its internal workings, older versions like 2.0 often have broken video playback or "outdated API" errors.
Legality and Support: Supporting the developer through a legitimate purchase ensures the app remains sustainable and continues to receive critical bug fixes and playback updates. Comparison of Versions Notable Change License Type 2.0 Introduced "Related Videos" and autoupdates. One-time per platform 3.0 Added support for 4K resolution and libmpv backend. One-time per platform 3.6 Switched to Javascript libraries for data extraction. One-time per platform 4.0+ First Qt6 release; introduced cross-platform subscription. €9.99 / year Minitube, YouTube app for Mac, Windows and Linux
Unlocking the Full Potential of MiniTube 2.0: A Guide to Obtaining a License Key
MiniTube 2.0 is a popular, free, and open-source video downloader that allows users to browse and download videos from YouTube and other video-sharing platforms. While the software is free to use, some features are only available with a license key. In this article, we will explore the benefits of using MiniTube 2.0, the importance of a license key, and provide a step-by-step guide on how to obtain a license key for MiniTube 2.0.
What is MiniTube 2.0?
MiniTube 2.0 is a desktop application that allows users to browse and download videos from various online platforms, including YouTube, Vimeo, and Dailymotion. The software is designed to be lightweight and user-friendly, making it easy for users to navigate and download their favorite videos. With MiniTube 2.0, users can also convert videos to different formats, including MP4, AVI, and MOV.
Why Do I Need a License Key for MiniTube 2.0?
While MiniTube 2.0 is free to use, some features are only available with a license key. These features include:
How to Obtain a License Key for MiniTube 2.0
Obtaining a license key for MiniTube 2.0 is a straightforward process. Here are the steps:
New Features in MiniTube 2.0
MiniTube 2.0 comes with several new features, including:
Tips and Tricks for Using MiniTube 2.0
Here are some tips and tricks for using MiniTube 2.0:
Conclusion
MiniTube 2.0 is a powerful and user-friendly video downloader that offers a range of features and benefits. While some features require a license key, the software is still free to use and offers a great experience for users. By following the steps outlined in this article, users can easily obtain a license key for MiniTube 2.0 and unlock the full potential of the software. Whether you're a casual video downloader or a power user, MiniTube 2.0 is definitely worth checking out.
Frequently Asked Questions
By providing a comprehensive guide to obtaining a license key for MiniTube 2.0, we hope to have helped users unlock the full potential of this powerful video downloader. Whether you're a seasoned user or just starting out, MiniTube 2.0 is a great choice for anyone looking to download and enjoy their favorite videos.
Minitube is a native YouTube client for desktop that operates under a subscription-based model
as of version 4.0. Official license keys are generated upon a successful purchase and are valid across all supported platforms (Windows, macOS, and Linux). Flavio Tordini Official License Acquisition
To obtain a valid activation code for the current version of Minitube, you must use the developer's official channels: Official Website : Purchase a subscription directly via the Flavio Tordini website : The standard subscription is €9.99 per year , which can be managed through PayPal. App Stores
: For macOS users, the license can be purchased and managed through the Mac App Store Key Technical Requirements Beyond the software license, Minitube often requires a YouTube API Key to function correctly, particularly on Linux:
: This key is required by Google to allow third-party apps to access YouTube data. How to Get One : You can create a free API key by visiting the Google Cloud Console
, enabling the "YouTube Data API v3," and generating credentials. Warning Regarding "New" 2025/2026 Keys
Be cautious of websites claiming to offer "free," "cracked," or "new 2025/2026" license keys for Minitube. Security Risk : These files often contain malware or adware.
: While the Linux version is released under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the Windows and Mac builds are proprietary and require a paid license for full use. for use with Minitube? Why is Minitube not working anymore? - Ask Ubuntu 10 Sept 2015 —
Minitube recently transitioned from a one-time purchase to a subscription-based model. Licenses are now valid across all supported platforms (Mac, Windows, and Linux). How to Obtain a License
Annual Subscription: As of late 2024, a license key requires a subscription of €9.99 per year.
Purchase Platforms: Subscriptions can be managed via the Mac App Store or through the developer's website via PayPal.
Registration: Upon successful payment, a license code is issued that can be used to activate the software on any platform. Alternative: YouTube API Key
Some versions of Minitube (especially on Linux) may require you to provide your own Google YouTube API Key to function properly without hitting search limits. You can generate this for free via the Google Developers Console. Legacy and Counterfeit Software Warning
While some download sites list "Free" versions (e.g., version 1.1.1.20 for Windows 8.1), these are often limited or outdated legacy versions. Be cautious of unofficial sites claiming to provide free "new" license keys, as these often contain malware or adware. Minitube - Flavio Tordini
License Key Report for MiniTube 2.0
Introduction: MiniTube is a popular, open-source video player that allows users to search, play, and download YouTube videos. The software has been updated to version 2.0, and a license key is required for activation. This report provides information on obtaining a license key for MiniTube 2.0.
License Key Details:
Obtaining a License Key:
Activation Process:
Support and Troubleshooting:
Conclusion: This report provides information on obtaining a license key for MiniTube 2.0. Users can obtain a free license key for personal use or purchase a license key for commercial use or additional features. If you encounter any issues during the activation process, please contact the support team for assistance.
Recommendations:
By following the guidelines outlined in this report, users can successfully obtain and activate a license key for MiniTube 2.0.
Minitube is a desktop YouTube client that provides a lightweight, ad-free experience without using a web browser . As of August 2024, the developer, Flavio Tordini , transitioned the software to a subscription-based model How to Get an Official Minitube License Key Annual Subscription : You can purchase a license for €9.99 per year Cross-Platform Support
: Buying a license now provides a single code valid for all supported platforms (Windows, macOS, and Linux). Purchase Channels : Subscriptions can be managed via Mac App Store Legacy Requirements : Older versions (v2.4 and earlier) required a personal YouTube Data API v3 key Google Developers Console to function properly. Draft Blog Post: Streamlining YouTube with Minitube 2026
Headline: Why Minitube is Still the Best Way to Watch YouTube Ad-Free in 2026
If you're tired of YouTube’s heavy browser interface, constant ads, and distractions, you aren't alone.
remains the go-to desktop application for users who want a "lean back" experience. Here is everything you need to know about the latest version and how to get your official license key. What’s New in Minitube?
Minitube isn't just a player; it's a productivity tool. It allows you to: Avoid Distractions
: No comments, no related video sidebars—just the content. Save Resources
: It consumes significantly less CPU and memory than a Chrome or Firefox tab. High-Quality Playback
: Watch in 4K or 1080p without the overhead of Flash or complex web scripts. Getting Your License Key
Following the 2024 update, the software has moved to a sustainable subscription model. For just €9.99/year
, you receive an official license key that works across all your devices. This move ensures the developer can continue providing updates as YouTube's API changes. To get started: Visit the official Flavio Tordini Minitube page Select your preferred payment method (PayPal or App Store). Check your email for your unique license key. The API Key "Hack" for Linux Users
If you are using an older, open-source build of Minitube on Linux, you might still need to generate your own YouTube API Key Google Cloud Console
to keep the search functionality working. However, for the most stable and feature-rich experience, the official subscription version is highly recommended. Conclusion
Minitube continues to be a breath of fresh air for those who value privacy and speed. Don't waste time on cluttered browsers—grab a license and take back your viewing experience! Are you looking to install Minitube on a specific operating system like Ubuntu or macOS? Lubuntu Screencast: Minitube
When looking for a license key for Minitube, it is important to distinguish between the different types of products that use this name, as "Minitube" refers to both a popular desktop application and specialized industrial equipment. The Minitube YouTube Client
The most common reference to Minitube is the desktop YouTube client for macOS, Windows, and Linux. This software aims to provide a "TV-like" experience without the clutter of a web browser.
Licensing Model: Minitube for macOS and Windows is paid software. While it may offer a trial, full access requires a legitimate license key purchased directly from the developer, Flavio Tordini.
Version Note: As of early 2026, there is no official "Minitube 20." The software's versioning typically follows a much lower numeric sequence (e.g., version 3.x). Searching for a "version 20" license key often leads to unreliable or malicious third-party sites that may distribute malware instead of valid keys.
Linux Users: Minitube is often available for free through official Linux package repositories (like Ubuntu), as the Linux version is frequently open-source or bundled by the community. Minitube Industrial & Medical Technology
Alternatively, "Minitube" is a global leader in assisted reproduction technologies for animals and humans.
Software and Hardware: They produce specialized tools like the Minitube Ultrasound Scanner 2.0 or software used in laboratories.
Licensing: For these professional applications, license keys are never available via public "generators." They must be obtained through an authorized service agreement or a direct purchase from the official Minitube industrial site. Security Warning
Seeking "new" license keys or key generators for software is a high-risk activity. Legitimate license keys are cryptographically signed and tied to specific purchase records. Using "cracked" keys or generators can: BOVINE - Minitube
■ Bovine artificial vagina. Minitube offers bovine artificial vaginas in 4 different lengths to suit all kinds and sizes of bulls. Minitube Human ART: Assisted reproductive technologies
"Minitube" often refers to a native YouTube desktop client known for its "no-distraction" viewing experience.
Official Source: You can purchase a legitimate license or download the trial directly from the developer at Flavio Tordini's Minitube site.
Trial Version: A free, feature-limited version is typically available as a 20-day trial to test before buying.
App Stores: For mobile or Apple Watch versions, check the Apple App Store, though user reviews often note limited functionality in recent updates. Free Alternatives for Ad-Free Viewing
If you are looking for a native, distraction-free YouTube experience without the cost of a license, consider these widely used open-source alternatives:
FreeTube: An open-source desktop YouTube player for Windows, Mac, and Linux that prioritizes privacy and does not show ads.
VLC Media Player: While primarily a media player, VLC allows you to stream YouTube videos directly by pasting the URL into the "Open Network Stream" option.
NewPipe (Android): A popular, privacy-focused alternative for mobile users that supports background play and ad-blocking. Important Note
Searching for "Minitube 20" license keys often leads to sites hosting malware or scams. Stick to official repositories or well-known open-source projects to keep your system secure.
Minitube for Youtube - Ratings & Reviews - App Store - Apple
If you are looking for a Minitube license key , it is important to note that the licensing model for this YouTube application has recently changed. Minitube 4.0 , the developer, Flavio Tordini
, has moved away from one-time license keys in favor of a subscription model. Flavio Tordini Current Licensing Details : The software now requires a subscription of €9.99 / year Universal Access
: Purchasing a subscription provides a single code valid across all supported platforms (Mac, Windows, and Linux). Older Versions
: While some third-party sites list older versions (like 1.7 or 2.0) as "free," these often include interruptions or limitations unless upgraded to the current supported version. Open Source Option : Minitube is released under the GNU General Public License , and the source code is available on for those who wish to build it manually. How to Get an Official Key To obtain a valid, legal license for the current version: Direct Purchase : Visit the Official Minitube Website to start a subscription. App Stores The primary function of the Minitube license key
: For Mac users, subscriptions can be managed directly through the Mac App Store Payment Methods : Payments and subscriptions are typically managed via Flavio Tordini
: Be wary of websites offering "free license keys" or "cracks" for Minitube 2.0 or newer. These files often contain or are simply clickbait. Are you having trouble activating a key you already purchased, or are you looking for free alternatives to Minitube? Licence Key For Minitube 20 New [extra Quality]
Unlock the Full Potential of MiniTube 2.0 with a Valid License Key
MiniTube 2.0 is a popular, open-source video player that allows users to watch YouTube videos without the need for a web browser. While the software is free to download and use, some features are only available with a valid license key. In this post, we'll explore the benefits of using a license key for MiniTube 2.0 and provide information on how to obtain one.
What is a License Key for MiniTube 2.0?
A license key for MiniTube 2.0 is a unique code that unlocks the full potential of the software. With a valid license key, users can access premium features, such as:
Why Do I Need a License Key for MiniTube 2.0?
While MiniTube 2.0 is free to use without a license key, some features are only available with a valid license. If you use MiniTube 2.0 frequently, a license key can enhance your overall experience. Here are some reasons why you might want to consider purchasing a license key:
How to Obtain a License Key for MiniTube 2.0
Obtaining a license key for MiniTube 2.0 is straightforward. Here are the steps:
How to Activate Your License Key
Activating your license key is easy. Here's how:
Conclusion
A license key for MiniTube 2.0 unlocks the full potential of the software, providing an enhanced video watching experience. With a valid license key, you can enjoy ad-free video watching, HD video support, background playback, playlist support, and priority support. Obtaining a license key is straightforward, and activating it is easy. If you're a frequent user of MiniTube 2.0, consider purchasing a license key today.
Disclaimer: This is just a draft and you should verify the information and check if the license key is still required for the new version of MiniTube. Also, you should check the official website for any updates on the license key and the features it provides.
Searching for "licence key for Minitube 20 new" typically leads to unreliable or unsafe results, as
does not traditionally use "license keys" in the way many other paid software programs do. Instead of searching for a product key, you likely need a YouTube API Key to get the application working properly Understanding Minitube Licensing Application Type
: Minitube is a desktop application for watching YouTube videos without a browser. The "Key" Issue
: Since version 2.4, Minitube requires users to provide their own YouTube API Key
because Google enforces quotas on how many videos can be fetched through a single key. This is why many "license key" posts are actually looking for or sharing these personal API keys. Official Downloads
: You can download the latest official versions from reputable sites like or directly from the official GitHub repository if you are comfortable building it from source. How to Get a Working "Key"
Instead of looking for a "new" 2026 license key, you should create your own free API key from Google: Google Cloud Console : Log in with your Google account. Create a New Project : Give it a name like "Minitube Personal." Enable the YouTube Data API v3 : Search for it in the API Library and click "Enable". Create Credentials : Select "API Key" under the "Credentials" tab. Enter the Key
: Copy this key and paste it into the Minitube settings when prompted. Security Warning
Be extremely cautious with websites claiming to offer "updated license keys" or "cracks" for Minitube. These sites often contain
or are phishing for personal information. Since Minitube is open-source and primarily requires a free personal API key, there is no legitimate reason to download a third-party activator. Microsoft Learn step-by-step guide on setting up your personal YouTube API key for Minitube? Licence Key For Minitube 20 New [updated]
Title: A Guide to Finding a License Key for MiniTube
Introduction
MiniTube is a popular, open-source YouTube client that offers a unique way to browse and watch YouTube videos. While it's free to download and use, some features require a license key. If you're looking for a license key for MiniTube 2.0 or a similar version, this post is for you.
What is a License Key?
A license key is a unique code that unlocks premium features in software applications. In the case of MiniTube, a license key can provide access to additional functionality, such as ad-blocking, background playback, or exclusive themes.
Where to Find a License Key
There are a few ways to obtain a license key for MiniTube:
Caution: Avoid Third-Party Sources
When searching for a license key, be cautious of third-party sources that claim to offer free or cheap keys. These might be scams or compromise your system's security. Always prioritize official sources or reputable FOSS repositories.
Conclusion
Finding a license key for MiniTube can enhance your YouTube experience. By purchasing from official sources or exploring open-source alternatives, you can enjoy premium features while supporting the developers. Remember to stay safe online and avoid suspicious sources.
How's this draft? I can make changes or add more information if needed!
Before you continue searching for a crack, consider the real costs:
The latest versions of MiniTube (2.0+) offer a free tier with a reasonable limitation: You can skip songs up to 10 times per hour. If you are listening to full albums or playlists without skipping, you may never hit the limit. This is a viable zero-cost strategy.
Why should a user consider paying for the license key for the new Minitube builds? The answer lies in the feature set that the registration activates:
1. Ad-Free Immersion The most immediate benefit is the removal of pre-roll advertisements. Unlike the standard YouTube web experience, a registered copy of Minitube plays content seamlessly. For users building a "lean-back" experience on a media center PC or laptop connected to a TV, this interruption-free playback is the killer feature.
2. High Definition Playback While free versions may cap video resolution to conserve bandwidth or processing power, the licensed version typically unlocks full High Definition (HD) and even 4K playback where available. This ensures that the "TV experience" isn't compromised by pixelated video.
3. Channel Subscriptions Without an Account One of the unique propositions of the Minitube license key is the ability to subscribe to YouTube channels without actually logging into a Google account. The license key allows users to build a local library of subscriptions. This offers a layer of privacy, allowing users to follow their favorite creators without feeding data into the Google algorithm.
4. Native Codecs and Performance The licensed version often utilizes native operating system codecs, resulting in smoother playback and significantly lower CPU usage compared to streaming in a heavy web browser like Chrome or Firefox. This makes Minitube an ideal solution for older hardware or laptops where battery life is a concern.
First, a quick clarification. There is a common typo in the search phrase: "minitube 20" generally refers to MiniTube version 2.0 (or version 2.x), not version "20." As of late 2023 and 2024, the most current stable releases hover around versions 2.5, 3.0, or later, depending on the platform (Windows, macOS, Linux).
MiniTube is not a video downloader; it is a streaming client. You type a song, artist, or keyword, and it queries YouTube’s database, returning a grid of videos that play as audio. The key difference between the free version and the licensed version is: Note: License keys should always be purchased directly
MiniTube’s source code is available on GitHub. If you are technically inclined, you can compile the application from source. The compiled version typically has no licence key restrictions because you are building it yourself for personal use. This is 100% legal.