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Pre-industrial urban form gave us the dense, legible, pedestrian city. Its remnants still shape European and Asian city centers. Understanding it helps critique car-centric modern sprawl.
Following the collapse of Rome, the centralized authority required to maintain the grid vanished. Western Europe entered the era of the "Organic City."
Rome took the Greek grid and added infrastructure as an expression of power.
Free PDF Tip: Search for "Roman Urbanism: Beyond the Consumer City" by Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (open-access on Cambridge Core) for detailed maps.
To distinguish pre-industrial cities from modern ones, look for these four traits: