Gears.5.hivebusters.network.fix-codex.rar Site

Based on the naming, this small update is meant to be applied after installing the main Gears 5: Hivebusters cracked release. It likely replaces one or more game executable files (.exe), .dll files, or configuration files to fix issues such as:

As the gaming industry continues to evolve, understanding and addressing the underlying reasons for piracy and the demand for cracks and fixes can lead to more innovative and inclusive business models. Subscription services, game passes, and community-driven events can offer gamers more flexible and engaging ways to enjoy their favorite titles.

In conclusion, while files like "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" might provide a temporary solution for some, they also highlight broader issues and opportunities within the gaming community. By focusing on accessibility, community engagement, and security, the industry can work towards a future where gamers have positive, legitimate experiences that are both enjoyable and secure.

Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar is a pirated patch aimed at fixing networking bugs in an already cracked version of Gears 5: Hivebusters. While it may solve connectivity problems for those using unauthorized copies, it comes with significant legal and security downsides. The safest and most reliable way to enjoy Gears 5 and its Hivebusters expansion is to purchase the game from an official store.

Note: This article is for informational purposes only and does not condone or encourage software piracy.

Troubleshooting Gears 5 Hivebusters Connectivity: Understanding the Network Fix

The expansion for Gears 5, titled Hivebusters, introduced a story-driven campaign that pits Scorpio Squad against a looming Swarm threat. However, many players encountered persistent network errors that hindered access to characters and online features. The specific keyword "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" refers to a community-released patch designed to bypass these connectivity barriers, particularly for those playing in offline or firewalled environments. What the Hivebusters Network Fix Addresses

This specific file, often discussed in gaming communities like Reddit's CrackWatch, provides several critical adjustments for the game:

Character Access: It resolves an issue where players were unable to access certain characters when their network adapter was disabled or their internet cable was unplugged.

Store Item Unlocks: The fix reportedly unlocks store items that were previously gated behind an active network connection.

Offline Playability: It allows for a smoother offline experience by removing the game's requirement to ping official servers to verify specific DLC content. Common Network Errors in Gears 5

Players often face a variety of connectivity messages that necessitate troubleshooting or the use of specific fixes:

"Your Connection to the Network Has Been Lost": A frequent error in Gears 5 that can occur even if your local internet appears stable.

NAT Type Restrictions: If your Xbox networking settings show a "Moderate" or "Strict" NAT type, your traffic to Xbox Live may be restricted, affecting your ability to stay in a game.

Services Login Failed: This typically indicates the game cannot reach Xbox Live services, often solved by restarting the game or device. General Troubleshooting Steps

If you are experiencing issues without using community-made rar files, Xbox Support and Microsoft Support recommend several standard fixes: Gears 5 - How To Fix Gears 5 Connection & Server Issues

The file "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" appears to be a cracked version of the game Gears 5, specifically the Hive Busters network fix, created by CODEX, a well-known group in the gaming community that releases cracked versions of games.

What is Gears 5?

Gears 5 is a third-person shooter video game developed by The Coalition and published by Microsoft Studios. It is the fifth main installment in the Gears of War series and was released on September 10, 2019, for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows.

What is Hive Busters?

Hive Busters is a downloadable content (DLC) pack for Gears 5, released on October 15, 2020. It is a cooperative gameplay experience that allows players to team up with a friend to take on a new threat in the Gears universe.

What is CODEX?

CODEX, also known as C0DEX or Codex, is a group of gamers and crackers known for releasing cracked versions of games. They have been active in the gaming community for several years, releasing cracked versions of various games.

Network Fix

The "Network Fix" part of the file name suggests that this particular release is intended to fix network-related issues in the Hive Busters DLC pack. This could include fixes for online multiplayer issues, connectivity problems, or other network-related bugs.

Risks and Consequences

It is essential to note that downloading and using cracked versions of games, including this file, can pose significant risks to your computer and personal data. Cracked games often contain malware, viruses, or other malicious code that can harm your system. Additionally, using cracked games can also lead to:

Furthermore, downloading and using cracked games is also against the terms of service of most game developers and publishers, including Microsoft Studios. This can result in:

Conclusion

In conclusion, the file "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" appears to be a cracked version of the Gears 5 Hive Busters DLC pack, created by CODEX. While it may seem appealing to download and use cracked games, it is crucial to consider the risks and consequences involved. It is recommended to purchase games through official channels, such as Steam or the Microsoft Store, to ensure a safe and enjoyable gaming experience.

Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar is a post-release update specifically designed to resolve connectivity and authentication issues for the cracked version of the Hivebusters expansion. Overview of the Fix

The primary purpose of this specific fix is to bypass networking requirements that previously blocked access to content when offline. Offline Access

: It enables players to access expansion characters and content even when the internet cable is unplugged or the networking adapter is disabled. Unlocked Items

: This fix is noted for unlocking various store items within the Hivebusters content that were previously restricted by online checks. CODEX Legacy

: This update was released by the scene group CODEX in late December 2020, shortly after the expansion's launch. Feature Content: Gears 5: Hivebusters The expansion this fix applies to, Gears 5: Hivebusters , is the first major single-player DLC for the title. Campaign Duration Main Story : Approximately Completionist to see all aspects and achievements. Story & Characters : Players take control of Team Scorpio

(Lahni, Keegan, and Mac) on a suicide mission across the volcanic Galangi islands. Multiplayer Integration

: The characters are also central to the "Escape" mode, where they carry out specialized missions. Co-op Support : Hivebusters supports 3-player local split-screen or online co-op. Troubleshooting Common Issues

If you are still experiencing issues after applying the fix, common causes include: Corrupted Files

: Missing or damaged files can prevent the game from launching correctly. Driver Incompatibility

: Outdated graphics drivers are a frequent cause of freezing or crashing in Software Interference Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar

: Antivirus software may occasionally flag "Fix" files (like those in the CODEX rar) as false positives, preventing them from running. or update your graphics drivers to ensure the fix runs smoothly?

"Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" is a specific technical patch released by the scene group Hivebusters DLC expansion of Purpose and Primary Feature Its main function is to fix connectivity and networking issues

inherent in the initial release of the Hivebusters expansion on PC. This fix is necessary for: Stability:

Resolving crashes or "freezing" related to network handshake errors that prevented the game from launching or progressing. Local Play Compatibility:

Bypassing mandatory online checks (Easy Anti-Cheat or Xbox Live requirements) that often interfere with cracked versions of the game. Single-Player Access:

Ensuring the 3-hour story campaign is fully accessible without being booted due to network authentication failures. Content Context: Hivebusters DLC This specific network fix is applied to the Hivebusters DLC , which includes the following features:

Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX is a supplemental patch released by the scene group specifically for the Hivebusters expansion of

. Its primary purpose is to resolve software-locking issues that occur when the game attempts to verify network connectivity. Core Utility & Fixes

This "Network Fix" provides two specific functions that were not fully addressed in the initial release: Offline Character Access

: It fixes a bug where players were unable to access certain character skins or menus if their internet cable was unplugged or if their network adapter was disabled. Store Item Unlocks

: The fix successfully unlocks various in-game store items and DLC content that originally required a live connection to the Xbox Live servers to authenticate. About Hivebusters

If you are using this fix, you are likely playing the following content:

: A 6-chapter, story-driven expansion set in the volcanic Galangi islands. : The main story typically takes around to complete, or for 100% completion. Co-op Gameplay

: Features 3-player split-screen or online co-op (though this specific fix focuses on offline stability). Usage Notes Installation

: This is a standalone "fix" package. It generally requires the base Gears 5 Hivebusters-CODEX

release to be installed first before applying these updated files to the game directory. Troubleshooting : Users often encounter errors like isdone.dll

during installation if the download is corrupted or if antivirus software interferes with the file extraction.

"Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" is a specific software patch released by the scene group

. It was designed to address connectivity and synchronization issues for the cooperative multiplayer modes in the Hivebusters expansion of Context: Gears 5 and the Hivebusters Expansion

, developed by The Coalition, is a prominent third-person shooter. The Hivebusters

DLC, released in late 2020, introduced a new campaign centered on Scorpio Squad. Unlike the main game, this expansion leaned heavily into three-player cooperative play.

When the expansion was released and subsequently cracked by scene groups like CODEX, players using these versions encountered a significant hurdle: the game’s reliance on Xbox Live services for networking. This made it nearly impossible to play the cooperative campaign with others without a specialized "Network Fix." The Role of the CODEX Network Fix The "Network Fix" contained within the archive serves several technical purposes: Steam/Xbox Live Emulation : The fix typically includes modified

files that emulate the Steam or Xbox Live API. This "tricks" the game into thinking it is signed into a legitimate server, allowing the local network or "Spacewar" (a Steam developer tool often used for this purpose) to facilitate a connection. Synchronization Fixes : In the initial release of the Hivebusters

crack, players often experienced "desync," where players would see different things happening on their screens. This patch specifically addressed the handshaking protocols between the host and clients to ensure a stable gameplay experience. Bypassing Easy Anti-Cheat (EAC)

: To allow modified files to run and communicate over a network, the fix often includes a bypass for the game's anti-cheat system, which would otherwise flag the modified files and prevent the game from launching. Technical Composition file generally contains: : Overwritten files (e.g., SteamApi64.dll Configuration Files

files where players can change their "Nickname" to distinguish themselves from other players in a lobby. Crack Instructions

file detailing how to apply the fix (usually by copying and pasting the contents into the game's installation directory). Safety and Legal Risks

It is important to note that files like "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" carry significant risks: Security Threats

: Because these files originate from unofficial sources, they are frequently used as "wrappers" for malware, trojans, or miners. Legal/Ethical Concerns

: Downloading and using these fixes constitutes software piracy, which violates copyright laws and deprives the developers of revenue for their work. Account Bans

: Attempting to use network fixes while signed into a legitimate Steam or Xbox account can result in a permanent hardware or account ban.

The file Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar is a specialized crack update released by the scene group CODEX for the Hivebusters expansion of Gears 5. Purpose and Features

This "Network Fix" was primarily designed to resolve specific connectivity and access issues within the cracked version of the game:

Offline Access: It fixes a bug where players could not access characters if their internet cable was unplugged or their network adapter was disabled.

Unlocking Content: The fix automatically unlocks Store Items and DLC content that otherwise required an active connection to the game's servers.

Goldberg Emulator Integration: It incorporates a network emulator (similar to Goldberg's) to trick the game into thinking it is connected to a live service, allowing for smoother offline play. Technical Context Release Date: Late December 2020.

Requirement: This fix is typically applied on top of the base Gears.5.Hivebusters-CODEX release.

Usage: Users generally copy the contents of the CODEX folder (inside the .rar) into the game’s installation directory, overwriting existing files.

Security Warning: As with all "scene" releases found on third-party sites, these files are often flagged by antivirus software as "HackTool" or "Trojan" due to the nature of game cracks. Always ensure you are sourcing from reputable community-vetted mirrors.

The file "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" is a community-released patch (network fix) specifically designed for the Hivebusters DLC of , which was released in late 2020 [0.5.3]. What This Fix Does

According to community reports from Reddit's CrackWatch, this specific fix addresses several issues encountered in the cracked version of the game:

Offline Mode Stability: Resolves an issue where characters were inaccessible if the networking adapter was disabled or the internet cable was unplugged [0.5.3]. Based on the naming, this small update is

Item Unlocks: Unlocks certain store items and DLC-specific content that were previously restricted.

Networking Compatibility: Uses emulators (like Mr. Goldberg's) to bypass the game's requirement to be connected to the Gears of War servers [0.5.3]. About Gears 5: Hivebusters The Hivebusters

DLC is a standalone expansion for Gears 5 focusing on Team Scorpio [0.5.24].

Campaign Length: Approximately 3 hours for the main story and up to 4.5 hours for 100% completion [0.5.25].

Gameplay: Supports up to 3-player co-op in both the campaign and the dedicated Escape mode [0.5.26].

Setting: Takes place on the volcanic Galangi islands, introducing a new environment away from the main Gears 5 story. Common Issues & Troubleshooting

If you are still experiencing crashes or performance issues after applying the fix, standard troubleshooting includes:

Drivers: Ensure your graphics drivers are updated to the latest version [0.5.27].

File Integrity: Crashing can often be caused by corrupted game files during the extraction of .rar archives [0.5.27].

Antivirus: Security software often flags "network fixes" or "cracks" as false positives, potentially deleting critical .dll files during extraction.

If you're having trouble installing the fix or getting the game to launch, let me know:

Are you getting a specific error message (e.g., "Easy Anti-Cheat" error or a missing .dll)?

Did you disable your antivirus before extracting the .rar file?

File Analysis Report: Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar

Introduction:

The file in question, Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar, appears to be a compressed archive file, specifically a RAR (Roshal ARchive) file. This report aims to provide an overview of the file, its potential contents, and any associated risks or concerns.

File Details:

Potential Contents:

Based on the file name, it appears that the archive might contain a fix or a patch for the video game "Gears 5," specifically for the "Hivebusters" network mode. The "CODEX" part of the file name suggests that the archive might be a cracked or modified version of the game, potentially created by a group known as CODEX.

Risks and Concerns:

Recommendations:

Conclusion:

The file Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar appears to be a modified or cracked version of a game fix or patch. While it may seem appealing to users looking for a free or modified version of the game, it comes with potential risks and concerns. Users should exercise caution when working with such files and prioritize their online security and compliance with copyright laws.

Additional Information:

If you are a gamer looking for a fix or patch for "Gears 5," consider purchasing the game from official channels or checking the game's official website for authorized downloads. This approach ensures that you receive a legitimate and secure version of the game, while also supporting the developers and publishers.

Troubleshooting Network Issues in Gears 5 with Hive Busters: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction

Gears 5, the highly anticipated continuation of the Gears of War series, offers an exhilarating experience with its expansive open-world exploration and heart-pumping multiplayer action. However, some players might encounter network issues, especially when using certain... let's call them "community solutions" like the "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" file. This guide aims to walk you through general troubleshooting steps for network issues and provide insights into safely using community fixes.

Understanding the Context

The "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" file suggests a community-created fix aimed at resolving network connectivity problems in Gears 5, specifically for those playing with or through certain... modifications or cracks, often provided by groups like CODEX. It's essential to approach such downloads with caution, ensuring you're not compromising your system's security.

Safety Precautions

Before downloading any files from the internet, especially cracks or fixes:

General Network Troubleshooting Steps

If you're experiencing network issues in Gears 5, consider these general troubleshooting steps:

Conclusion

While community fixes can seem like a quick solution to network issues in games like Gears 5, it's crucial to proceed with caution. Always prioritize your system's security and the integrity of your gaming experience. If problems persist, consider reaching out to the game's official support channels or community forums for more tailored advice.

In the dimly lit recesses of the internet, a mysterious file had been circulating among enthusiasts and gamers alike. The file, named "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar," seemed to hold the key to unlocking a smoother, more stable online experience for players of the popular video game, Gears 5.

Rumors had been swirling about the Hivebusters update, a DLC (Downloadable Content) pack for Gears 5 that promised new co-op gameplay modes and challenges. However, some players had been experiencing frustrating issues with the game's network functionality, hindering their ability to fully enjoy the Hivebusters experience.

Enter "Echo-1," a skilled gamer and tech-savvy individual known for his prowess in troubleshooting and cracking codes. Echo-1 had been following the chatter about the Hivebusters update and the network issues plaguing some players. Determined to find a solution, he began to dig deeper into the mysterious file.

As Echo-1 opened the "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" file, his computer screen flickered with anticipation. He had heard whispers that CODEX, a notorious group of crackers, had been working on a fix for the game's network problems.

With a few swift clicks, Echo-1 extracted the contents of the file and began to analyze its components. The archive contained a series of patches and scripts designed to tweak the game's network settings, potentially resolving the connectivity issues that had been driving players crazy.

As he applied the fix, Echo-1's excitement grew. He launched Gears 5 and joined a Hivebusters match with his friends. The game loaded smoothly, and the co-op gameplay mode worked flawlessly. The friends were able to communicate seamlessly, their voices clear and without lag. Read Included Files : Often, RAR files contain

The fix was a resounding success. News of the "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" file spread like wildfire through gaming forums and social media platforms. Players from all over the world began to download and apply the fix, grateful for the solution to their network woes.

CODEX, it seemed, had once again proved their reputation as master crackers, providing a vital service to the gaming community. And Echo-1, now hailed as a hero among gamers, continued to monitor and share his findings, ensuring that the Gears 5 community could enjoy a stable and enjoyable gaming experience.

But as the dust settled, whispers began to circulate about the true intentions of CODEX. Were they merely benevolent hackers, or was there more to their actions? Only time would tell, but one thing was certain: the "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" file had become a legendary solution, etched in the annals of gaming history.

This specific file, Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar, is a community-released patch designed to resolve connectivity issues for the Hivebusters expansion of Gears 5, specifically for users running the "CODEX" version of the game. What is this Fix?

The Hivebusters DLC introduced a new campaign to Gears 5, but many players using the initial CODEX release encountered a specific "Network Connection" error that prevented them from launching the expansion or playing co-op. This .rar file contains modified configuration and executable files that bypass the game's requirement to check for an active Xbox Live connection for local or offline play. Key Features

Expansion Access: Unlocks the Hivebusters campaign if the game fails to recognize the DLC license.

Bypasses Connectivity Errors: Fixes the "You must be signed in" or "Network Error" prompts that frequently crash the game back to the main menu.

LAN/Co-op Support: Often includes an updated Steam_emu.ini or similar configuration to allow for local split-screen or LAN play without authenticating with official servers. Common Troubleshooting If you are using this fix, keep the following in mind:

Installation Path: Files within the .rar (usually a .dll or .exe) must be copied into the Gears5/Binaries/Win64 directory, overwriting the existing files.

Save Data: Applying a network fix can sometimes reset your save path if the "AccountID" in the emulator settings changes. It is recommended to back up your save folder located in %LOCALAPPDATA%\Gears5\Saved\.

Antivirus Flags: Because this fix modifies game memory and execution, it is frequently flagged as a "False Positive" by Windows Defender. Technical Context

The "CODEX" group was one of the primary scene groups that handled the initial release and subsequent updates of Gears 5. Because the game is a "Play Anywhere" title with heavy Xbox Live integration, "Network Fixes" became necessary to decouple the game’s core mechanics from Microsoft’s online services for offline environments.

Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar refers to a community-developed "crack fix" released by the scene group Hivebusters expansion of Purpose of the Network Fix

The primary goal of this specific fix was to resolve issues encountered by players using unofficial versions of the game. Key functions included: Offline Access:

It fixed a critical bug that prevented the game from starting or caused it to hang when the networking adapter was disabled or the internet cable was unplugged. Character Access:

It addressed an issue where character selection was restricted when the game could not reach official servers. Store Item Unlocks:

The fix was known to unlock various store items—such as character skins, weapon skins, banners, and executions—for use in LAN or offline modes. About Gears 5: Hivebusters The Campaign: Hivebusters is an expansion for featuring a separate, approximately 3 to 4.5-hour campaign Players take control of Team Scorpio

(Lahni, Keegan, and Mac) on a suicide mission to destroy a Swarm hive. Co-op Capabilities: The expansion supports 3-player co-op locally or via LAN. General Installation Notes For official versions of , users typically install through the Microsoft Store

. Users on community forums often suggest that "crack fixes" like the one from CODEX must be applied manually to the game's installation directory, ensuring that anti-virus software does not block the replacement executables.

The keyword "Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar" refers to a specific technical patch released by the scene group CODEX for the Gears 5: Hivebusters expansion. This file was designed to address connectivity and synchronization issues that players encountered in the cracked version of the game, particularly when trying to access the DLC content or LAN multiplayer features.

While we cannot provide download links or facilitate the use of pirated software, we can explore the history of the Hivebusters expansion, the technical challenges of the Gears 5 network architecture, and why such "network fixes" became necessary for certain players. The Gears 5: Hivebusters Expansion

Released in late 2020, Hivebusters is a standout DLC for Gears 5. It follows the suicide squad known as Scorpio Squad—Lahni, Keegan, and Mac—on a high-stakes mission to the volcanic Galangi islands. Unlike the main campaign’s open-world experiments, Hivebusters returned to the series' roots: a tight, linear, and visually stunning 3-hour cinematic experience.

However, the expansion also relied heavily on the Gears 5 engine's integrated online services, which created hurdles for players outside of the official Xbox/Steam ecosystems. The Purpose of a "Network Fix"

In the world of game archiving and scene releases, a "Network Fix" (like the one released by CODEX) serves a few specific technical purposes:

Bypassing Xbox Live Requirements: Gears 5 is deeply integrated with Xbox Live services. Even for local play or the expansion, the game often checks for an active profile and server connection. A network fix emulates these services so the game can launch and recognize the DLC without an official handshake with Microsoft servers.

Unlocking the DLC Content: Sometimes, the base game files include the expansion data, but the game "hides" it behind a license check. The CODEX fix ensures the game's internal manifest recognizes Hivebusters as "purchased."

LAN and Local Play Stability: For players looking to enjoy the 3-player co-op campaign over a local network, the fix often stabilizes the "internal" networking protocol that the game uses to sync player positions and save data. Technical Breakdown: What is in the .rar? A typical release under this name usually contains:

DLL Wrappers: Modified files (like steam_api64.dll or custom Xbox API wrappers) that redirect network calls to a local emulator.

Configuration Files: .ini files that allow players to change their in-game username or "Language" settings.

Executable Patch: A modified .exe that skips the initial "Sign-in" screen which often hangs if no internet connection is detected. Risks of Unofficial Network Patches

While these files are sought after for game preservation or by those unable to access official services, they come with significant risks:

Malware and False Positives: Because these files modify game memory and system APIs, they are frequently flagged by antivirus software. While "scene" releases are generally vetted by the community, third-party sites often bundle them with adware or trojans.

Compatibility Issues: Patching a game manually can often break future updates. If the base game is updated via a different patcher, the CODEX network fix might cause the game to crash on startup.

Loss of Progress: Cloud saving is disabled when using network emulators. Your save files are stored locally in specific folders (often in Public/Documents), and losing these folders means losing your entire campaign progress. The Official Way to Play

For most players, the best way to experience Hivebusters is through Xbox Game Pass or Steam. The expansion is frequently on sale and includes full support for cloud saves, achievements, and seamless 3-player matchmaking, which remains the intended way to experience the chaotic chemistry of Scorpio Squad.

I can’t help with or create content that distributes, describes how to access, or enables use of pirated software or copyrighted game releases (including cracked/ripped files like CODEX releases).

If you want, I can help with legal alternatives or related, lawful content such as:

Which of those would you like?

If you have come across the file Gears.5.Hivebusters.Network.Fix-CODEX.rar, you are likely looking at a release from a well-known warez group, CODEX. This particular file is a post-release patch, not the full game.

Game cracking is a reality in the gaming community, with groups like CODEX at the forefront. These groups work to bypass the digital rights management (DRM) and other protections that game developers and publishers implement to safeguard their intellectual property. While this might seem like an easy way to access games, it comes with significant risks, including malware, data theft, and the lack of official support.

Multiplayer and network fixes, like the one implied in the filename, are particularly sought after. These fixes can address issues with online play, such as lag, disconnections, and server unavailability, which can significantly impact the gaming experience. For players using cracked versions, these fixes can be especially appealing, as they seek to enjoy the game with others.

If you have legally obtained the original cracked release and understand the risks, typical steps include: